Hyaluronic Acid (HA) was first discovered in the vitreous body of bovine eyes by Karl Meyer. Subsequent studies found that HA is widely present in connective tissue, skin tissue and nervous tissue. HA consists of repeating disaccharide units (GlcUAβ1-3GlcNAc) linked through β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is non-sulfated and does not covalently bind to proteins, making it the simplest GAG in structure. The molecular weight of HA (100-1,000 kDa) is usually much larger than those of other GAGs. HA is involved in many important physiological and pathological processes, such as wound repair, fertilization, cell proliferation and migration, cardiovascular disease, and cancer occurrence. Due to its excellent hydrophilicity and viscoelasticity, HA is widely used in the fields of biomedicine and cosmetics.

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