Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a class of sulfated GAGs composed of repeating disaccharide units (GlcUAβ1-3GalNAc) linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. In the biosynthetic process, the basic skeleton of CS (-4GlcAβ1-3GalNAcβ1-) is first synthesized on specific serine residues of core protein, and then the C6 and C4 positions of GalNAc residues and the C2 position of GlcA residues can be sulfated by the action of various sulfotransferases, resulting in the formation of various disaccharide units with different sulfation patterns. CS preparations derived from different animal tissues are usually named according to the main disaccharide units they contain or the rare disaccharide units they are rich in: for example, mammalian cartilage-derived CS-A mainly containing 4-O-sulfated disaccharide GlcAβ1-3GalNAc(4S) (A unit), shark cartilage-derived CS-C mainly containing 6-O-sulfated disaccharide GlcAβ1-3GalNAc(6S) (C unit); shark fin-derived CS-D rich in rare 2,6-O-sulfated disaccharide GlcA(2S)β1-3GalNAc(6S) (D unit); and squid cartilage-derived CS-E rich in rare 4,6-O-sulfated disaccharide GlcAβ1-3GalNAc(4S, 6S ) (E unit). In addition, common disaccharide units also include trisulfated modified disaccharide T unit (GlcA(2S)β1-3GalNAc(4S, 6S)), etc. These sulfation modifications make the composition and structure of CS highly complex and endow it with diverse biological functions involved in various physiological and pathological processes such as nervous system development, cell division, cell differentiation, cell signal transduction, morphogenesis, and inflammation.

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